The Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of Oregon

Analysis Of My Point Of View And Perspective

In My Point of View by:Gilary Ramirez Narrative, also known as â€Å"Point of view† and â€Å"Perspective†, is a very crucial part of any story. It is the way that the story is framed, affecting the manner in which details are relayed to the reader and how the reader connects to the story. Depending on the point of view, characters can be made more or less relatable. The reader can find it easy to sympathise with a main character, or dislike them entirely. All because of the effects of the chosen perspective. First person point of view and third person point of view are the most common, for all that they are starkly different. First person perspective is usually distinguished by the use of keywords such as I, me, we, and us. The use of such words makes it easier for the reader to connect with the characters as they find themselves easily immersed in the perspective of the character telling the story. Writing from the first person perspective also makes it easier for the reader to sympathise with the character as the reader plays witness to the characters reasoning for their actions. An example of this is the story AP written by John Updike. At the end of the story we witness Sammy quitting his job out of a misguided sense of chivalry, however we can understand his actions as the story is told in first person perspective. By reading the story from his perspective we witness his admiration of the girls for their daring entrance in their swimsuits, as well as his opinion that once oneShow MoreRelatedA Theoretical Framework Of Disability Employment1333 Words   |  6 Pagesand semi-structured interviews. The intention of the pilot studies is to help aid and refine my methodology and to contribute to the development of the conceptual framework. The goal of the interviews and focus groups will be to gather data to establish a theoretical framework of disability employment. 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Interpreting the Perfect Electoral System Free Essays

There is no such thing as a perfect electoral system’ The Idea of perfection Is Interpreted differently amongst everybody In the 0K. The word ‘Perfect’ Is defined as having all the necessary or typical characteristics required for a given situation. So everybody will have different thoughts on what really Is a perfect electoral system. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpreting the Perfect Electoral System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally, a perfect electoral system is one which has the qualities of being simple, gives a varied choice to the electorate, is fair and proportional, gives a clear outcome and is microcosmic, it represents the people more. Firstly, it could be argued that the more proportional electoral systems are the losest to a ‘perfect’ electoral system because they show what/who the people of the UK really voted for. One proportional system is the Single Transferrable Vote. This system operates by representatives being elected in large multi-member constituencies, the voting is preferential and also known as Voting Ordinal’ where the voters can vote as many times as they want. The candidates much receive a quota known as a droop quota to actually become elected and if they reach this quota any excess votes are redistributed on the basis ot 2nd preferences. The calculation used to work out the quota Is (total valid which some eople argue Is too complicated for any elecuons In the 0K, If no candidate reaches the quota then the lowest places candidate Is eliminated and the second preferences of the people that voted for them are redistributed. This system Is used successfully in many UK elections, It’s used In Northern Ireland for elections such as in the Assembly, for local government elections and EU parliament elections. The Republic of Ireland and Scotland both use it for Local Elections However there are both many advantages and disadvantages of using this electoral system. Firstly it delivers roportional outcomes and it also ensures that votes are largely of equal values. In addition, the threshold is quite high. A party or group of parties have to win over 50% of the popular vote to form a government, this is an advantage because the winning party reflects the majority of the populations wishes. On the other hand, the process Single Transferrable vote uses large multi-member constituencies, this weakens the link between individual MPs and their constituencies, so some people may not feel as involved as they could be throughout the electoral process. Also, STV is less accurate In translating votes Into seats than other electoral systems such as list systems or some versions of additional member systems. In addition, If a coalition was to be formed under the STV electoral system, It can be argued that the government produced could be unstable and give a disproportional Influence to minor parties that hold the balance of power. Never the less, the voters can choose between a large range of candidates including dfferent candidates of the same party, this allows the public to really vote what they feel most strongly for because of the large range of available candidates. Secondly, the electoral system Regional List is another proportional system. Again using this system, representatives are elected in large multi-member constituencies, however the political parties draw up a list of candidates in order in which they’ll be elected, the electors cast one single vote for a representing the same political party. The parties have greater control over the electoral process as they can put their favourite candidates at the top of the list. As it is a proportional system, the seats are allocated according to the proportion of votes won by each political party. Regional list is another successful system which is used for elections to European Parliament in England, Scotland and Wales, the last European election was in 2009 where the amount of seats won were 72, the overall turnout was 1 5,625,823 and the electorate was 45,315,669. However, although it is a proportional system it still has its advantages and disadvantages. It is argued that we shouldn’t use this system because in closed list systems voters cannot chose between candidates from the same party. Also the parties control the order in which candidates appear on the list and they can favour those who support the leadership. Never the less, Regional List delivers an extremely high degree of proportionality which is an argument for the I-JK using this system for more elections, because the amount of seats the winners of the election gain is proportional to the amount of people who voted for them which is fair isn’t it? In addition, not only does it reflect the voters’ choices, political parties use lists to increase the number of women and ethnic minority candidates in parliament. However, Just like the Single Transferrable Vote, Regional List uses large multi-member constituencies which weakens the links etween representatives and constituents. Thirdly, it could be argued that Majoritarian/plurality systems are the next closest to being a perfect electoral system as they are very simple and produce a stable government. First Past the Post electoral system is the most common Majoritarian system as it is used for the General Elections in the I-JK. First Past the Post is simple because the country is split into roughly even sized constituencies and in each constituency, people elect one representative, it is a single vote system and whoever wins the most votes in the constituency wins a seat in parliament. This system was last used in 2010 at the last general election where it lead to a hung parliament and the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats went into a coalition to run the country. The Conservatives gained 307 seats, Labour won 258 seats and the Liberal Democrats won 57 seats. Never the less, it may seem straight forward and simple but it has a variety of advantages and disadvantages. The fact it’s simple is one of the advantages, not only is it simple to understand but the ballot paper is simple as you can only cast one vote. Also, it produces a quick and clear vote and it also produces a stable government as the inning party adds a bonus of seats and single party governments with a working majority have significant control over the legislative process, both of these factors contributing to the creation of a stable government. However, despite these advantages the First Past the Post system produces disproportional outcomes, this is where the amount of seats won in the election doesn’t reflect the share of votes received. Also, it favours plurality rather than majority support, so the victorious candidates don’t need a majority to gain power. Not only this, but First Past the Post roduces votes of unequal value, the constituencies are roughly the same size, they’re not exactly the same size which means different constituencies have votes of different values, also most votes are wasted due to tactical voting so these votes don’t even help elect the MPs. Never the less, First Past the Post produces a responsible governing party in office at the moment, and the potential alternative government. This system also produces effective representation, as the country is split into single- member constituencies, it shows a clear link between voters and the elected representative. There is only one MP responsible. On the other hand, First Past the Post only offers a limited choice to the voters. Only one candidate stands on behalf of the party, so the choice isn’t as diverse as the more proportional systems like Regional List. To follow on from that point, many I-JK constituencies are known as ‘Safe Seats’ where the majority of people from that constituency will vote for a certain party whether they like their politics or not. For example, the constituency of Penrith is known as a safe seat for Conservatives. In addition, tactical voting is often used as way to obstruct a party to get into power, by voting for the party which is most likely to compete with the winning party and not by voting for their most preferred party. Fourthly, Supplementary vote is another form of a Majoritarian/plurality system. The voter only has one vote to put down their top two candidates and if no candidate wins a majority then all but the top two are eliminated and the second preference votes of the eliminated candidates are added to the first preference candidates. After the elimination the candidate with the highest total is elected. This system is a ariant of the Alternative Vote. The Supplementary Vote system is used to elect the London Mayor and Mayors of other cities. The last election was in 2012 which was the London Mayoral election. Boris Johnson (conservative) won a second term in power by 3% beating his Labour Rival Ken Livingston. How to cite Interpreting the Perfect Electoral System, Papers

Problems in Foster Care free essay sample

The ideal foster care system is very beneficial because it helps keep children that â€Å"have no place else to go† (du Pont, 48) out of the streets and in safe, protective, loving, family environments, and the people that worked in this system cared more about the children’s well-being, then maybe the foster care system would be as beneficial as it’s supposed to be. Plus the many problems with corruption, families, and disorders the children get don’t get enough attention drawn to them and the help they need isn’t provided. Therefore this comes to the conclusion that, the ideal foster care system can be achieved if the many issues and problems revolving around and within this system are resolved. Corruption has one of the lead and starring roles within foster care. It shouldn’t be this way but it is. Bribery is a large part of the corruption. For instance families are getting paid to take in drug-addicted and mentally handicapped babies. The government pays the families for three months just to secure a spot for them to be taken in; then these families get paid so much money per month for however long the babies are in their care, (Adoption, 44). In reality most of these foster â€Å"families† wouldn’t be taking in these children and babies if they weren’t getting paid. Another thing, the state by federal law gets paid money for moving children out of the system and placing them wherever just to say that they’re out. It doesn’t matter where they end up just as long as they get written and documented as out of the system, (du Pont, 47). These people that are in charge that are in charge do not care if the children are put into a worse situation or if they’re still alive and well because as long as they’re getting that bonus money they don’t care. Even if it means a child is in harm or possibly dead. â€Å" the Secretary shall make a grant to each State that is an incentive-eligible State for a fiscal year in an amount equal to the adoption incentive payment payable to the State under this section for the fiscal year, which shall be payable in the immediately succeeding fiscal year† (Adoption and Safe Families Act [1997]). This all ties into the laws, these laws are to some extent beneficial to children in foster care, but these laws benefit the government and foster parents more than anything. An example would be the New Jersey Program that basically bribes the foster parents (Adoption, 43, 44). Conna Craig was quoted saying, â€Å"Five steps forward and two steps back, which is net gain but federal law doesn’t yet fully meet the needs of children† (du Pont, 48). What Ms. Craig meant was that the foster care system’s reforms may be a little bit better but are still not at the levels they should be. Sometimes the states find loop holds that they can still acquire money. For example, the states can still be paid even if the jobs aren’t done correctly. Conna Craig makes another very good point, â€Å"If the states don’t do the job they shouldn’t get the money† (du Pont, 45). Corruption apparently plays a bigger role than what most realize and don’t care to notice. Family is supposed to â€Å"provide the kind of care and nurture that is essential to well-being† (Bartholet, 1). In the foster care system this isn’t usually the case with some foster families. The families get paid a set rate every month to take care of the child or children in their homes. So the truth is that most of them only do it for the money. If the money is cut out of the equation then there would be a major drop in the foster families, because they wouldn’t be getting paid (Canon). Texas is a prime example, when the recession hit cuts had to be made to some things and the foster care system was going to be targeted. Well the legislature realized that if the payment of the families was cut then the number of families would be on the decline (Canon). Adoptions are another problem. The adoptions cost a lot of money. Also there is more focus on reuniting the families no matter how harmful the situation (du Pont, 47). Plus the children’s parents rarely receive the help they need to change and become the caring and loving parents that are desired. Although there is a plus side, the adoptions `prevent some psychological damages. Like anything negatives are also included. Siblings are more times than not separated. This separation isn’t by choice either; it’s the just that the government doesn’t care enough to keep what family is left together. Abuse and neglect sometimes take place more in foster homes especially if the foster child is of the Lesbian, Gay, Bi-Sexual, Transgender {LGBT} sexuality. A study showed that out of the two hundred forty six families only twenty-one would welcome a LGBT foster child into their homes. Homophobia is one of the main reasons the abuse and neglect start (Canon). Having a LBGT child shouldn’t freak people out to the point that abuse has to start. The LBGT foster children in group homes have reported a higher amount of verbal harassment. In addition, seventy percent of the LGBT children have reported much physical violence as well. Things like being punched, slapped, kicked, and etcetera are all forms of physical abuse (Canon). That means foster families shouldn’t be as glorified as they are because with all of these problems they don’t deserve to be looked upon as heroes. Foster children face many challenges in their lives. Secure attachment is when infants and young children have a loving care giver consistently responding to the needs they have (â€Å"Insecure Attachment and Reactive Attachment Disorder†). These early bonds help the growth of development, trust, and the ability to build relationships. If this early bond is broken, then insecure attachment disorders occur. This is because when a baby is born, it is completely helpless so he or she relies on a care taker. The infant depends on the mother to feed and nurture and protect, but when all of that is taken away from the equation, the insecure attachment forms (â€Å"Insecure Attachment and Reactive Attachment Disorder†). These children who have the insecure attachments have learned that the world isn’t safe and don’t have the necessary experiences that are crucial to have confidence and fell confident in themselves (â€Å"Insecure Attachment and Reactive Attachment Disorder†). Children with this disorder will most likely have difficulties learning, may be aggressive and misbehave, be extremely clingy, have challenges making friends, suffer from anxiety or depression, or be delayed developmentally (â€Å"Insecure Attachment and Reactive Attachment Disorder†). In many cases the doctors misdiagnose these children with having ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyper-Activity Disorder, or Autism because the symptoms are so similar (â€Å"Insecure Attachment and Reactive Attachment Disorder†). Forty to eight-four percent of children in the foster care system have some sort of mental health disability. These numbers are so high in range because of the issues the children have faced in their lives; they have trouble dealing with trauma caused by the events in their lives that brought them into the system (Austin). The children are dealing with the monstrous loss of family, and in most cases the child blames his or her self for being taken away from their family (Austin). Even though a large number of these children need mental health care, studies show that only about less than one-third attain the services they need most. One reason is that there is a lack of well-trained and experienced mental health professionals aren’t available to these children who need it. They need professionals that can deal specifically with the trauma caused by the losses in the children’s lives, (Austin). Only about three percent of mental health providers work with the children in the foster care system, (Austin). Children who are abruptly taken away from their parents and siblings can become parentified. This is when the child becomes worried about the parents and maybe even siblings. This worry is like when a parent worries about the safety and well-being of their child. This in turn causes the children to act like or become little adults making them worry that their parents and siblings may not survive without them. This all adds to the distress â€Å"UPenn Collaborative†. Educationally, these children face many difficulties as well. Frequent moves and already being very vulnerable impacts the performance levels in school, the frequent moves in result mean many missed days of school. As well as affecting their comfort levels in school (Bruskas). Another thing is that the credits sometimes don’t transfer over to the next school. The records may also be lost in the transfer making the transition from school to school a challenge, (Bruskas). These children are facing so many challenges and difficulties in their lives. Foster care is a place for children who have nowhere else that is safe to go in their lives (du Pont, 48). This system has its ups and downs, mostly downs and will take loads of reformation to be as effective as it needs to be to be fully beneficial for the children in the most need of saving. The corruption needs to stop, some of the families need to change, and the children need more help dealing with the emotional and physical issues they have. When all this is done then, can it say that the foster care system is entirely effective (du Pont, 48). This is why the foster care system has many problems that need to be resolved before it can be called effective.

Analysis of the Stages in Life Span Development essays

Analysis of the Stages in Life Span Development essays When breaking down the life span into stages such as childhood, adulthood, and late adulthood; the break down seeks to bring unity to the life of human being, and ultimately helps us to understand the development of a person. The science of human developments seeks to understand how and why people change or remain the same over time at all ages in all different circumstances. Human beings are so complex in so many ways and it is important that as humans we understand these crucial developmental stages in our life to better communicate and prepare for these stages in our lives. I additionally wanted to focus on the level of moral development among the interviewees at each of the stages in development. To better understand the characteristics of these developmental stages, the moral reasoning developmental process and differences and similarities seen among the people of the interviewees; I interviewed eight individuals. I interviewed both a female and male in the school age, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, and older adulthood developmental stages. The interviewees were selected at random. I conducted a personal face to face interview with each interviewee. During the interview I asked a series of eight questions pertaining to their goals, accomplishments, worries, important people in their lives, fears they currently have as well as a scenario question pertaining to a moral dilemma. After conducting these interviews I was able to analyze the different stages in life span development further and make clear observations of similarities and differences between the interviewees. Although the interviews allowed me a great amount of observation as well as useful insight; the answers to these eight questions did not summarize in anyway the multi-contextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, plastic, and multi-directional development of each person. I conducted an interview with a ten year old male and an eight year old fe...

Constitutionality of the Death Penalty essays

Constitutionality of the Death Penalty essays Constitutionality of the Death Penalty Furman v. Georgia was a landmark case in the annals of American Law because it was the first time the Supreme Court turned to the controversial question of capital punishment. Capital punishment has always been a hotly debated issue in the United States. When this issue is coupled with the issue of racial discrimination, the matter becomes hotter than ever. And this is precisely what Furman v. Georgia was all about: a black man convicted of murder and sentenced to death. The American public has consistently favored the use of the death penalty. Although anti-capital-punishment groups in the 19th century won some victories in slowing down the drive for death-penalty laws, most of their successes were short-lived. By the early 20th century, executions were common and widespread, reaching record numbers by the 1930s and 1940s, when more than 100 people were executed each year. But as public and official confidence in the effectiveness and fairness of capital punishment began to wane in the 1960s, the number of yearly executions dropped to the single digits. By the early 1970s, there was an unofficial end to executions in the country. Opponents of the death punishment lauded the Supreme Court decision in the 1972 ruling that a jury's unregulated option to impose the death penalty led toward a wanton and freakish pattern of its use that was cruel and unusual. However, the anti-death penalty lobby was not the outright winners because the court failed to call the death penalty unconstitutional. Just a few years later, capital punishment was back with full force in the United States. Furman, a 26-year-old black male, killed a householder while seeking to enter the home at night. Furman shot the deceased through a closed door. Furmans mental abilities were brought into question, due to his apparent lack of education (he had dropped out before the 6th grade). Pending trial, he w...

The Main Issues Involved in Iranians Annotated Bibliography

The Main Issues Involved in Iranians - Annotated Bibliography Example This research will begin with the review of â€Å"Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles† written by Ron Kelley, Jonathan Friedlander, and Anita Colby. The researcher states that in a novel format, this work is a combination of essays, interviews, and photographs of the Iranian immigrants in Southern California. According to the research findings, the work shows how Iranian women in the U.S try to adopt the Western culture and to deny their Iranian roots. This work  helps in explaining the general tendency among the Iranian women writers after the revolution to present themselves as liberal, freedom-loving, and democratic human beings who have nothing to do with terrorism and extremism. The present research has identified that Nesta Ramazani is another female contemporary of Satrapi. With an Iranian father and English mother, Nesta narrates her life in Iran before and after the revolution. This paper illustrates that the writer faces a lot of pressure in the fundamental Iranian society, and manages to struggle through with luck and hard work.   The work shows how Iranian, Islamic, and Western cultures collide, mingle, and influence the lives of people in Iran. The autobiography by Nesta is used in two ways. Firstly, it helps understand the influence of fundamentalism on Iranian people, and secondly, it helps explore the general tendency among Iranian women writers to show adherence to the West.  

Health Promotion in Nursing Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Health Promotion in Nursing Care - Essay Example This essay aims to address the following concerns: how is health promotion defined?, what is the purpose of health promotion in nursing practice?, how are nursing roles and responsibilities evolving in health promotion?, how do nurses in all areas of nursing implement health promotion? And also compare the three levels of health promotion prevention. It is stated that the purpose of health promotion is encompassed in the definition provided by Maben, which states that the purpose of health promotion is to increase awareness of those patients being addressed and taken cared of by nurses in terms of improving the status of health with the ultimate goal of preventing illnesses. Likewise, the pertinent issues of health promotion are envisioned to be disseminated to all mentioned above to assist in coping with identified diseases. As indicated, the purpose is clearly to enhance awareness through educating and application interventions depending on the level of health promotion. The three levels of health promotion are: primary, secondary, and tertiary health promotions, specifically defined as follows: primary health promotion is focused with the prevention of new cases of injury or illness, secondary health promotion assumes that an injury or illness has already emerged and the nurses aims to minimize deterioration and tertiary health promotion needs application of identified interventions in cases of the onset of chronic disease and finally, to actively assist in efforts to rehabilitate chronic health status of patients.

ETHICALITY & PROFIT MAXIMIZATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ETHICALITY & PROFIT MAXIMIZATION - Essay Example Business enterprises seek to maximize their profits by ensuring that the legal aspects of profit making and ethical practices complement one another. These ethical practices relate to all the stakeholders that influence business operations in one way or another. For instance, a firm that rewards employee performance acts in the interest of both the employees and its own welfare. It is important to note that ethicality in business spreads across the internal and external business environments (Hooker, 2003, p.5). This makes ethicality in profit making a pertinent issue to account for across social and economic business concerns. Disregarding the ethical part of business operations can be fatal to the performance of any given enterprise. To start with, firms highly rely on markets and consumers for their business success. Customers favour firms that act in their interest alongside pursuing their bid to make profits (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2012, p.276). Secondly, the same process factors in social corporate responsibility among other concerns. Therefore, ethicality and profit maximization can essentially be complementary as opposed to being ‘enemies’ in the business environment. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, W., 2012. Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases, London: Cengage Learning. [Online] Available at: http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=sI1jqoMRW7gC&pg=PA166&dq=business+ethics+and+profit+making&hl=en#v=onepage&q=business%20ethics%20and%20profit%20making&f=false [Accessed November,

Child Observation Guidelines

Child Observation Guidelines Before an assessment of a child can take place to plan their learning and development, we need to observe them. Observation is vital for early years practitioners to find out what stage a child is currently at, what their needs are and what interests them. You can learn a lot about the children you work with simply by stepping back and watching them. This may at first seem to be a waste of time, but if you study the children, you are going to be more likely to meet their needs. Childcare workers automatically watch the children in their care they want to know that the children are safe, happy, healthy and developing well. Watching or observing closely can often reassure them that everything is alright but may also alert them to problems or illness. Any discussion about a child usually relates what has been seen , heard or experienced and leads to conclusions about personality , likes , and dislikes etc. anyone who works with children needs to develop the skill of observing them (some times to be written/recorded to check that a child is: Safe not in any danger from the environment, from themselves or others. Contented there are many reasons a child might be miserable , some may relate to physical comfort ( e.g. wet nappy , hunger , thirsty) or emotional discomfort (e.g. main carer is absent, or comfort object lost ) or lack of attention or stimulation. Healthy eats and sleeps well and is physically active (concerns about this may indicate that they are unwell) Developing normally in line with general expectations for his/her age in all areas, there will be individual differences but delays in any e.g. crawling/walking or speaking may show a need for careful monitoring and perhaps specialist help. Any particular strength or talent may also be identified and encouraged. observing is one of the most important daily aspects involved in childcare without observation the overall planning and assessment in the setting will be affected. Early years practitioners need to base their planning on their observations so without observations we cannot be entirely sure that overall planning will meet their needs. By carefully observing the children we can learn their needs and know when they are ready to move on to the next stage. By adapting experiences, routines and activities to include things that are particularly important to every individual child we can build on their attention span and curiosity. Likewise we can use observation to pinpoint areas where a child needs additional help. There are 5 main skills associated with effective observation. Looking we need to look at our children and analyse what they are doing and what responses to give in certain situations. Listening it is vital we pay attention to the children and listen to how they interact with both children and adults. Recording we should accurately record any important things in which we have observed. Thinking we must use our observations to think how to plan effectively for each child and maybe involve the childs parents for activity planning. Questioning sometimes our observations need to be clarified, confirmed or rejected. If the child is at an age to respond to questions you should involve them directly. Do not let preconceived ideas or assumptions cloud our observations, they must be done with an open mind and judgement of the child should not affect the way an observation is carried out. For example observing children in a group and in the past one child has had difficulty in mixing with others , do not let your past assumptions hinder the observation as it will be pointless to carry out any observation if you have already decided the outcome. 4.2 Main ways in which observations can be recorded. There are many ways in which observations can be recorded , each have advantages and disadvantages and most early years practitioners need to be familiar with several of these . The most frequently used recording methods are written notes such as Free description (also known as narrative description or written record) this method records the behaviour of a child over a very short period of time, often less than 5 minutes. The observer notes down what they are seeing which gives a portrait of the childs activity during this time. Checklists and kick charts these are mostly used to assess the childs development, specific activities are looked for either during a structural assessment (i.e. where a child is asked to do activities) or by observing children over a period of time. Time sample this is used to look at childrens activity over a predetermined length of time for example, a morning. Children are observed at regular intervals during the recording, say every 10 minutes and the observation is recorded on a prepared sheet. Event sample this is mostly used to look at a childs one aspect of development or behaviour, such as how frequently a child sucks their thumb or shows aggression towards other children. Every time a child shows the type of behaviour or activity it is recorded on a prepared sheet. Target child this is used to record one activity over a long period without any gaps in the recording process. Several codes or signs are used during this process to allow the observer to maintain the recording. Some methods of observing children provide more information than other methods that give plenty of info are referred to as open methods. For more objectivity closed methods are useful. A checklist is an example of a closed method of recording. With all these methods available for use whilst observing it is important that you choose one to suit your purpose. For example the free description method is good for examining closely how a child achieves. Something, but it will not tell you about a childs general activity over a long period. Other ways in which an observation can be recorded or by taking photographs of a child doing certain activities and catching developmental milestones, permission is always needed by the childs parents to allow photographs to be taken and also to use a video camera which can used to record development milestones or just to record an activity which the children are involved in so the childs parents/carer can also see the child doing the activity or milesto ne, as some parents dont like to miss out on anything. Whichever method of recording is chosen to be used, all observations must contain sufficient information so that they are useful and that they are understood by anyone else who may need to look at them. 4.3 Analyse the 3 types of planning that can be used in early years settings The observation, assessment and planning cycle assists early years practitioners to collate effectively the information they have gathered and to plan what to do next. There are 3 types of planning. Long term long term ensures the early years practitioners cover all the areas of learning and development and the principles of the early years foundation framework, the first of these frameworks published in England is called birth to three matters , this framework was published by the department for education and skills in 2002 and is for use by all professionals who are involved in the delivery or planning of services for young children in England. The pack comprises of an introductory booklet, poster, video, cd-rom, and 16 a4 component cards relating to four areas or aspects that have been identified as necessary for the development of all children. Long term planning enables the early years practitioners to think about the key areas necessary for supporting babies and young children and encourages them to consider ways to balance the opportunities for supporting older children which will enable them to enjoy both free play and well planned adult activities which will stimulate and interest them, long term planning needs to take into account how you will plan activities to ensure a suitable balance between indoor and outdoor experiences and quiet and active times, and needs to ensure a broad and balanced curriculum. A long term plan should usually cover a 3 month period, a term or a year; it should provide a curriculum overview. It should be based on principles of good early years practice; it should review what children need to learn and how this will be implemented. All areas of learning should be considered and that it meets the development plan or school improvement plan (sip) as required by Ofsted, it should relate to all policies and procedures of the setting and ensure advance planning and consideration of specific activities (e.g. festivals or outings ). Medium term this should outline an overall program over say, one to two weeks. Medium term planning take into account the overall daily routine early years practitioners, such as feeding time , school runs, playgroups, outdoor play, quiet time sleep or rest time and individual interaction . medium term plans will need to be adjusted constantly because it will be influenced by the observations made of individual children it needs to include reviews of care routines, key worker relationships and the way the day is organised to offer play and experiences including the materials and physical resources; whilst observing children, getting to know them and their characters, you need to match observations to your medium term plans. The staff planning together should look at how to create a rich learning environment which links the long term plans to each child as an individual. The medium term plan should grow gradually and must be flexible, open to changes and moderations and all observati on profiles of all the children need to be looked at. Many early years settings now target particular children on particular days. This means each child is observed regular and the curriculum is planned in a differentiated way to cater for the interests and needs of individual children. Short term plan this includes the day to day activities, outings, resources specifically relating to the children in the setting on a daily or weekly basis. It is often helpful to use observations of the children from the previous day to enable to focus on their specific needs and to build on what they have learnt for example, the children might have asked to bake, you will need to consider ingredients and equipment will be necessary and how much time is needed to complete the task. 4.4 describe why planning is essential in the early years setting Planning is key to the effectiveness of any early years settings. Settings plan curriculum in many different ways, most find a way of planning which suits their needs, plans will also vary according to the objectives or areas of development /learning to be considered. Each child will need to be considered and observed in order to be provided with appropriate activities and experiences in the setting. Good planning is essential if practitioners are to make childrens learning effective, exciting, varied and above all progressive. Planning enables us to look at each child individually and build on our knowledge of them in order to see how they learn, what motivates them and how they make progress. Plans dont often need to be written down although recording things provides us with future reference which can be shared with others. Written plans allow us to look back so we can plan for the future.by doing this we can plan activities in which they are suitable for what we know they can alre ady achieve and build on their interests and experiences, for example by constructing a written plan to help a child recognise the no 1-20 we would be able to see at the end of the long term plan, The child knows the name of the numbers The child can recognise the numbers in a variety of contexts The child can write the numbers successfully If at the end of the long term plan the child as reached all the goals set for them, then you know your planning has been effective. Effective planning is challenging but it is essential, it is not always easy for practitioners working alone to carry out observations of individual children when they are responsible for the care and safety of others. Observations need to be carried out regular and not just at set times you should be observing the children in your care all the time and noting how they react to certain circumstances and everyday occurrences. Keep a diary handy to jot down anything which you observe which is of particular interest or information which may help you plans for your childs development. 4.5 critically explore the importance of assessments Whilst assessments need to be handled extremely sensitively it can be a way of recognising whether children need additional support or challenges. They are also used as a way of learning more about groups of children so that the curriculum can be adjusted to meet their interests and needs. It is also important to realise that assessing children is not an exact science and we should see any assessment as only a guide. Young children are ever changing and their development and interests reflect this; but assessments are extremely important and have many uses To review and check childrens overall development To extend childrens learning To support special needs To resolve a particular concern To evaluate activities and experiences To review childrens progress To share with other professionals To share information with parents To help with planning To evaluate routine strategies to gather all the information to assess a childs needed to be observed. Although a lot is learnt from simply spending time and observing assessing what you have observed will enable you to deepen your understanding of what you have seen. There are no set ways in which assessments need to be written, although the following points should be considered, The assessment should be based on what you have recorded The link between the childs actual stage of development and expected stage are noted Supported evidence should be provided Your assessment will help you collate this information so that it can be used in effective planning. For observation and planning and assessment to be effective they need to be carried out regularly, you need to get into the habit of observing children on a daily basis and assess the observations to enable you to plan the next stage for every child in your setting. Records need to be kept for each child (in a form of diary or scrapbook) and ways of extending on what they can already do to get to the next level need to be looked at. The more practice you have at observing, assessing and planning, the better you will become until it becomes second nature to you.

All the Pretty Horses Essay -- essays papers

All the Pretty Horses John Grady Cole, the last in a long line of west Texas ranchers, is, at sixteen, poised on the sorrowful, painful edge of manhood. When he realizes the only life he has ever known is disappearing into the past and that cowboys are as doomed as the Comanche who came before them, he leaves on a dangerous and harrowing journey into the beautiful and utterly foreign world that is Mexico. In the guise of a classic Western, All the Pretty Horses is at its heart a lyrical and elegiac coming-of-age story about love, friendship, and loyalty that will leave John Grady, and the reader, changed forever. When his mother decides to sell the cattle ranch he has grown up working, John Grady Cole and his friend Lacey Rawlins set out on horseback for Mexico, a land free of the fences and highways that have begun to invade west Texas, a land where the boys are not able to read the look in a man's eye. As they approach the Rio Grande, they are joined by the youthful and mysterious Jimmy Blevins, wh ose fine horse, hot-blooded temper, and talent with a pistol are as certain...